On December 18th, 2007, the United Nations General Assembly established October 15th as the International Day of Rural Women.

Today, the CONSOLE project partners want to pay this small tribute to all those women who with their contribution to rural and agricultural development, support the eradication of poverty and the improvement of food security.

The role and condition of rural women

According to UN, rural women make up 43% of the agricultural workforce, and in their daily work of tilling the land and planting seeds; they are helping to ensure food for their communities, as well as providing food to the nations.

In the specific case of Europe, women represent 40% of the workers in the family farm and 37% of the total workers in the field. In addition, women manage on average 30% of European farms and own 27% of farms in the member countries of the European Union.

However, despite their work and productivity, they have little or no access to land, agricultural materials, credit, markets, etc., as the male sector enjoys doing the same work. Furthermore, they do not have equitable access to education, training, infrastructure and services such as water.

According to Fernandez Aguerri (2002), the functions of women in rural areas are:

1. Productive function. The participation of women is located in different socio-professional positions with different levels of employment and degree of dedication to it;
2. Social function. Maintaining the family unit in the rural environment, assuming the responsibilities of family care (elderly people, sick relatives, and children in rural areas without proximity services);
3. Cultural function. Maintaining and ensuring, in many cases, the oral transmission of culture and the conservation of the heritage of rural areas, without forgetting its indispensable role in the conservation and transmission of the gastronomic heritage of our peoples;
4. Environmental function. In the development of their productive function, in addition to worrying about the maintenance of places and areas in their surroundings, they manage the rural space, keep the landscape alive and conserve resources.

They still face / suffer from discrimination in terms of political participation within their communities and their work is unpaid or less than that of their counterparts. In other words, they are neglected and in worse conditions than urban women and rural men.

That is why it is necessary to support them and create policies aimed at improving their situation in all areas.

European Policies

There is a clear concern in the European Union about equal opportunities in rural areas; being aware that women can promote the development of rural areas.

 Among its policies, it has included the gender perspective in its rural development programs. All member countries are obliged to analyze the situation of women in rural areas and take the results into account in the process of creating public policies and development programs at the national and regional levels. Programs that go beyond increasing the number of working women, but rather that have an impact on all aspects of life in rural Europe.

Conclusions

The importance of the rural world justifies a detailed study of it, and of a group as important as women, who perform different functions (productive, social, cultural and environmental).

However, we must demand a policy of equal opportunities, which equates it to men in this area, and also an improvement of the environment itself that facilitates their personal and professional development. Both needs are known by the EU, which is proposing to the member states actions in this regard and has promoted initiatives that try to improve this situation.

Reference

Fernández Aguerri, M.J. (2002): “Retos y problemática de la mujer en el ámbito rural. El papel de las agrupaciones de este sector de población en el desarrollo rural”, Jornada Temática sobre Políticas de relevo generacional e incorporación de la mujer al mundo rural. Madrid. Noviembre.

The agriculture sector is struggling with one of the biggest challenges in history.

The increase in temperatures (between 1.4 ºC and 3.9 ºC) as a direct consequence of the emission of greenhouse gases has begun to have a direct negative impact on plant and livestock species in Europe. Climate change is changing our agricultural landscape because the new environmental conditions are replacing the “traditional” crops of our agricultural areas with others that are more adapted to the new environmental conditions.

Citrus changed to mango and avocado in Sicily.

This is the case of Sicilian citrus producers whose harvest has practically disappeared due to the drought and extreme heat in Sicily. They have been forced to replace production with mangoes and avocados more typical of a tropical climate; a climate that seems to be prevailing on the island.

Italy, the world’s second biggest olive oil producer, experienced a disastrous harvest in 2018. Inclement weather and frost reduced production by 57% to $1.13 billion.

Loss of wine production in France

France’s agriculture is also going through a disastrous year because of poor weather conditions. The grape harvest, and with it, the production of wine, are announced catastrophic due to the frosts that were registered in spring, followed by a rainy summer that favored the appearance of diseases. A decline in wine production in the range of 24-30% is expected..

In Germany it does not rain for the third year

For the third year German farmers in Saxony are facing crop failure due to insufficient rainfall. With temperatures rising by almost 2 degrees, some farmers in the south have started growing nectarines and apricots.

Wines in the UK

Wine growing, typically associated with the south in France, Spain and Italy, is now taking off in places like Denmark, Sweden and the UK. This is the case of Ryedale Vineyards, in the northeast of England, has produced British wines since 2006. The wine industry appears to quadrupled in size since 2000 due to warming in recent decades.

Pistachios in Spain

The pistachio cultivation area in Spain grew by 37% between 2019 and 2020; an increase in the area is 3,600% in the last decade. And this has been possible. The widespread growth of this crop, which requires cold, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This is largely due to the effects of climate change.

In short, we are currently observing how the European agricultural sector is immersed in a profound process of change. Sustainability, globalization and technological change will define in the new decade a new European agricultural model very different from the one we have known; but also – as we have just read – a new paradigm in the types of crops by regions due to the effects caused by climate change.

In the CONSOLE project look for new contractual relationships that promote several agri-environmentalpublic goods in order to mitigate climate change impacts. If you are interested in knowing more about our case studies, we suggest our deliverable 2.1 “Catalogue of descriptive factsheets of all European case studies”

Climate change is a global problem, since it affects – with greater or lesser aggressiveness – all regions of the planet, with increased temperatures and increased risk of desertification to higher annual rainfall and flood risks; as we have posted previously.

The European Environment Agency has observed a number of impacts ranging from economic sectors such as tourism and energy; to the environment. For example, loss of biodiversity, forest fires, decreased crop yields, increased demand for water, mortality from heat waves, etc. These impacts in the countries of Western Europe are collected in the following map (Source: European Parliament).

The EU in the face of climate change

Faced with the impacts of climate change, and currently endorsed by the latest IPCC report, the EU has joined the Paris Agreement, the first global agreement to tackle climate change. The EU promised to mitigate climate change and maintain global temperature growth at 1.5°C from pre-industrialized times. It also pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.

The EU one of the major GHG emitters

We must recognize that due to the model of production and life, the EU is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world after China and the United States, followed by India, Brazil and Japan (2015).Within the EU, the main emitters (2017) were Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Poland and Spain. The energy sector accounts for 80.7% of GHG emissions in the European Union, followed by agriculture (8.72%), industry (7.82%) and waste (2.75%; Source: European Parliament).

So it is the EU’s responsibility and obligation to put an immediate remedy in place. To this end, in 2008, the EU set itself the target of reducing emissions by 20% compared to 1990 levels. And in 2015, the EU registered a 22% reduction from 1990 levels.

Furthermore, in 2014, the EU set a new target of reducing emissions by at least 40 % by 2030 from 1990 levels.

And to reduce emissions from power plants and industry, the EU has established the first major carbon market with the Emissions Trading System (ETS), companies have to buy permits to emit carbon dioxide carbon (CO2), so the less they pollute, the less they pay. The scheme covers 45% of the European Union’s total greenhouse gas emissions.

For other sectors, such as buildings or agriculture, reductions will be achieved through agreed national emissions targets, which are calculated on the basis of the countries’ gross domestic product per capita.

On road transport, the European Parliament supported legislation to reduce CO2 emissions by 37.5% for new cars, 31% for vans and 30% for new trucks by 2030.

The EU also wants to use the carbon-absorbing power of forests to fight climate change. The European Parliament approved a regulation in 2017 to prevent emissions from deforestation and land-use change (LULUCF).

In addition, the European Commission is expected to present a proposal later this year on a border adjustment mechanism for carbon emissions, which would encourage companies inside and outside the EU to decarbonize. The aim of this tool is to set an import price for certain products from countries outside the EU that are less ambitious in terms of climate. Its objective is to prevent carbon leakage, which occurs when industries shift production to countries that have less stringent greenhouse gas emission rules.

The Union’s forests cover 158 million hectares (5% of the world’s forest area). In total, forests cover 37.7% of the Union’s territory, and the six Member States (Sweden, Finland, Spain, France, Germany and Poland) with the largest wooded forest area cover two thirds of the Union’s forest area.

However, one of the main problems facing forest systems globally is human action. The conversion of forest areas into agricultural or urban areas and indiscriminate logging, among others, have reduced the planet’s forest areas in recent decades. Added to all this is the degradation of these spaces and the lack of maintenance.

And to save them from this situation, the EU has developed a new forestry strategy for the year 2030 based on the biodiversity strategy. The strategy will contribute to achieving the EU’s biodiversity targets, as well as the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions of at least 55% by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050.

Objectives

As we just discussed, the main objective is to improve the quantity and quality of the EU’s forests and to strengthen their protection, restoration and resilience. In addition, forests must be adapted to the new uncertainties that climate change can cause.

Likewise, it is also intended:

• Promote sustainable forest bioeconomy for long-lasting wood products;
• Guarantee the sustainable use of wood resources for bioenergy;
• Promote bioeconomy based on non-timber forests, including ecotourism;
• Develop skills and empower people for a sustainable forest-based bioeconomy;
• Protect the last remaining old and primary forests in the EU;
• Ensure forest restoration and strengthened sustainable forest management for climate adaptation and forest resilience;
• Reforestation and reforestation of biodiverse forests, including the planting of an additional 3 billion trees by 2030;

Offer financial incentives to forest owners and managers to improve the quantity and quality of EU forests. And to achieve these goals, a strategy will be developed focusing on:

• Strategic forest monitoring, reporting and data collection;
• Develop a strong research and innovation agenda to improve our knowledge about forests;
• Implement an inclusive and coherent EU forest governance framework;
• intensify implementation and enforcement of the existing EU acquis.

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